World War I Revelations For Medicine - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1113 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/05/17 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: War Essay World War 1 Essay Did you like this example? We have been healing since the first time man walked the earth. Dressing injuries, fighting off disease and infection. It has always been human instinct to eliminate our pain. In nature, medicine is evolutionary. It is essential that it adapts and overcomes the maladies that plague this world. But never had medicine taken a larger leap forward than during the events of the First World War. The global bloodshed had numerous nicknames at the time. The Great War. The War of the Nations. But perhaps the most fitting was the War to End All Wars. The original meaning of this name had been lost. In 1914, it was used as a symbol of hope. Now it appears cynical, heavy with scorn. However, even in the darkest times of the world, there was still one beacon of hope. Something we have relied on for thousands of years. Medicine. Great Britain and France were leading in this field, quick to establish base hospitals to sustain their forces. The U.S. followed suit, setting up facilities near their soldiers (Campbell). The hospitals all served an average of 10,000 soldiers during their time active (Kovac). In these hospitals, history was being made. Revolutionary advances in radiology, surgical operations, pain medication, paramedic medicine, and even physiologic conditions were made in the throes of global-scale battle. The medicals innovations during World War I have forever revolutio nized modern medicine. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "World War I: Revelations For Medicine" essay for you Create order Radiology today employs the use of electromagnetic waves to see inside the body. The process is now known as an X-ray, the name originating from German physicist Wilhelm Rntgen referring to radiation as an unknown variable or X (Panchbai). Before this innovation, the only way to see inside of the body was through surgery, which was most often fatal to the patient. Bullets and other foreign objects were therefore inaccessible to doctors, which caused a myriad of preventable deaths. The electromagnetic waves utilized by the new X-ray machine helped doctors discover fatal wounds quickly and allowed them more time to work on a patient. This was essential for military medicine because the majority of wounds were caused by lodged bullets, knives, and other weapons. But Rntgen wasnt the only scientist offering his services for the war effort. Madame Marie Curie was also hard at work, establishing her name as a renowned chemist and physicist at the time of World War I. She is attributed with the discoveries of the radioactive (a term which she coined) elements radium and polonium. She was awarded both the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and Physics, the first woman to receive either of these accolades. Curie was also an advocate for X-ray technology, lecturing on the subject at the Paris Sorbonne University. However, even with all of her success, she still wanted to lend her hand to the war. The X-ray machines were incredibly efficient but were only available in select hospitals in France (Davis). Madame Curie intended to change this. She designed radiology cars, mobile vehicles that carried the equipment to operate on soldiers on the battlefield. They were nicknamed petite curies in honor of the scientist. These units started to grow in numbers, becoming readily available at all battle sites. Madame Curie learned to drive and op erate them herself, also encouraging her teenage daughter Irene and other women looking to assist to become technicians (War Duty ). Together, the two Curies started instructional sessions for exclusively women to learn to drive and operate the technology on board. This is one of the main reasons why nursing is usually a female-dominated profession (Davis). Madame Curies utilization of new technology helped save the lives of thousands of soldiers then and continues to save many more. Humans are inherently hedonistic and pain has been one of the greatest hurdles to overcome to achieve this ideal. The pain caused during necessary surgery was especially feared. It is impossible to completely eradicate pain, whether it be mental or physical. But the development and use of the numbing agent anesthesia took a large step in the right direction. It was first conceived by American physicians William T.G. Morton and John Collins Warren in 1846. The first successful surgery to use this new gas created with nitrous oxide was performed during the same year in Massachusetts (Robinson and Toledo). This had been an monumental step in surgical medicine and the two doctors were praised for their innovation. In the years before the 20th century, anesthesia and other pain reducing medication were being developed. The drug was highly unpredictable in how effective it was at the time (Condon-Rall). Anesthesia was just starting to slowly be implemented in some surgeries before the United States formally entered World War I. The amount of surgeries that needed to be performed increased exponentially, so anesthesia was quickly thrown into battlefield hospitals. Like most medical drugs, anesthesia was still in its very experimental phase in the years before the war started. It continued to show inconsistencies in its capability to reduce pain (Robinson and Toledo). This was amplified in the hands of inexperienced technicians who were forced to use it. But the demand for numbing agents continued still with the amount of mortally wounded soldiers escorted out of the trenches. Doctors continued to refine the gas throughout the course of the war, even changing the formula to improve the effectiveness in certain surgeries. The common procedure performed were gangrene infection removals and amputations (Condon-Rall). Both of these surgeries are drastically different and it would have been catastrophic for either forms of anesthesia to be used for these operations. Even under the stresses of combat, these physicians were able to advance this historical drug to the point where it became an essential part of surgery then and now. Today, almost every surgery is performed with the aid of anesthesia and similar painkillers. Not only does it make the operation less stressful for the patient, it also makes the success rate of surgeries increase exponentially . Although it was originally developed in the 1849, anesthetic gas took its vital steps to completion during World War I. Medicine is required to move quickly. It is only a matter of seconds that could determine whether someone lives or dies. First response medicine, therefore, is an essential branch of medicine. As one can imagine, emergency medical procedures are quite frequent on the fields of battle. It was in World War I when quick operations significantly improved in efficiency and saved hundreds of thousands of more lives. It was in the early 1900s where the knowledge of bacterial contamination was actually utilized. The cause behind infections was previously unknown. It had not become common practice for doctors to sterilize equipment and sanitize operating stations before procedure. The realization of

Cultural Criticism In The Handmaids Tale By Margaret Atwood

Cultural criticism is a broad technique that puts emphasis on the culture that contributed to the production of a work. This approach is an eclectic, interdisciplinary study that utilizes a wide range of topics to analyze literature. Cultural criticism considers a variety of perspectives and branches of knowledge to discover the compilation of beliefs and customs that characterize a group of people. For a cultural reading of The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood, a cultural critic would consider the historical background paired with theories such as Marxism and feminism to make assumptions about what culture engendered the creation of this novel. (104 words) Cultural criticism is oftentimes affiliated with historical criticism, more†¦show more content†¦. .† (304). The pervasive fear during this time in history regarding the falling birth rates was heavily reflected in The Handmaid’s Tale. Atwood depicts the punishment given to those who engaged in activ ities such as abortions throughout her novel. For a women in Gilead, more specifically a handmaid, not to reproduce was taboo. This society placed a heavy emphasis on procreation due to the fear of declining birthrates previously mentioned. Overall, Atwood wrote a book regarding the controversial subject, women and fertility, in the 1980s because of its intense cultural relevance at the time. One of the theories to which cultural criticism is linked is Marxism. Marxism was an ideology created by Karl Marx that focuses on struggles between social classes. This theory questions topics such as economics, social classes and the conflict that occurs between them, and oppression (including how it is overcome). Although Marxism is traditionally associated with an economic division between classes, The Handmaid’s Tale entails more of a social division because of the economy in Gilead. One aspect of this economy is that there is not a true monetary system in Gilead; instead, the peopl e use coupons. The social classes are not divided by conventional criteria such as income, but are divided by gender. The men retain the highest, most powerful ranks in society.Show MoreRelatedA Modest Proposal And The Handmaids Tale1592 Words   |  7 PagesSatire is used to criticize and point out society’s flaws. The criticism is usually masked in humour. The irony is commonly used in satires to expose flaws, an effective example is John Smith’s A Modest Proposal, he effectively uses irony, to communicate his argument about the poverty in Ireland at the time. Similarly, Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale criticizes the society that women have to live in. 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Both poems display connections to the feminist theory, particularly in how gender roles and inequality between the sexes influence the poets’ purposes to address male and female stereotypes and encourage change. Although Atwood did not initially intend to debate political and ethical questions in her works, many of her books and poemsRead MoreRelationship Between Men and Women: Jane Eyre and The Handmaids Tale1775 Words   |  8 Pages Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre entails a social criticism of the oppressive social ideas and practices of nineteenth-century Victorian society. The presentation of male and female relationships emphases men’s domination and perceived superiority over women. Jane Eyre is a reflection of Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s own observation on gender roles of the Victorian era, from the vantage point of her position as governess much like Jane’s. 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Dickens balances the oddness of his tale and his strange actions with the affirmation that he is a sane and rational man carrying out great responsibilities on the railway; he is termed ‘the safest of men’ by the narrator, and another railway worker at the end of the story says of him ‘No

Srk N His Life Free Essays

string(89) " Delhi to Mumbai in 1991,\[24\] Khan made his Bollywood movie debut in Deewana \(1992\)\." Shahrukh Khan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search â€Å"Shahrukh† redirects here. For the Timurid dynasty ruler, see Shah Rukh (Timurid dynasty). This article is semi-protected to prevent libelous additions. We will write a custom essay sample on Srk N His Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now Shahrukh Khan Born 2 November 1965 (1965-11-02) (age 44) New Delhi, India Other name(s) Shah Rukh Khan, King Khan, SRK, King of Bollywood[1] Occupation Actor, producer, television presenter Years active 1988–present Spouse(s) Gauri Khan (1991–present) Shahrukh Khan (Hindi: , Urdu: ; born 2 November 1965), sometimes credited as Shah Rukh Khan, is an Indian actor and a prominent Bollywood figure, as well as a film producer and television host. Khan began his career appearing in several television serials in the late 1980s. He made his film debut in Deewana (1992). Since then, he has been part of numerous commercially successful films and has earned critical acclaim for many of his performances. Khan has won thirteen Filmfare Awards for his work in Indian films, seven of which are in the Best Actor category. Khan’s films such as Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge (1995), Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998), Chak De India (2007), Om Shanti Om (2007) and Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi (2008) remain some of Bollywood’s biggest hits, while films like Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham (2001), Kal Ho Naa Ho (2003), Veer-Zaara (2004) and Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna (2006) have been top-grossing Indian productions in the overseas markets, making him one of the most successful actors of India. [2] Since 2000, Khan branched out into film production and television presenting as well. He is the founder/owner of two production companies, Dreamz Unlimited and Red Chillies Entertainment. In 2008, Newsweek named him one of the 50 most powerful people in the world. [3] Contents [hide] * 1 Biography * 2 Film career o 2. 1 Background o 2. 2 1990s o 2. 3 2000s * 3 Producer * 4 Television host * 5 Awards and nominations * 6 Filmography o 6. 1 Actor o 6. 2 Producer o 6. 3 Playback singer o 6. 4 Stunts director o 6. 5 Television appearances * 7 See also * 8 Bibliography * 9 Notes * 10 External links Biography Shahrukh Khan and family Khan was born in 1965 to Muslim parents of Pathan descent in New Delhi, India. [4] His father, Taj Mohammed Khan, was an Indian independence activist from Peshawar, British India. According to Khan, his paternal grandfather was originally from Afghanistan. [5] His mother, Lateef Fatima, was the adopted daughter of Major General Shah Nawaz Khan of the Janjua Rajput clan, who served as a General in the Indian National Army of Subash Chandra Bose. [6] Khan’s father came to New Delhi from Qissa Khawani Bazaar in Peshawar before the partition of India,[7] while his mother’s family came from Rawalpindi, British India. [8] Khan has an elder sister named Shehnaz. [9] Growing up in Rajendra Nagar neighbourhood,[10] Khan attended St. Columba’s School where he was accomplished in sports, drama, and academics. He won the Sword of Honour, an annual award given to the student who best represents the spirit of the school. Khan later attended the Hansraj College (1985–1988) and earned his Bachelors degree in Economics (honors). Though he pursued a Masters Degree in Mass Communications at Jamia Millia Islamia, he later opted out to make his career in Bollywood. [11] After the death of his parents, Khan moved to Mumbai in 1991. [12] In that same year, before any of his films were released, he married Gauri Chibber, a Hindu, in a traditional Hindu wedding ceremony on 25 October 1991. 13] They have two children, son Aryan (b. 1997) and daughter Suhana (b. 2000). According to Khan, while he strongly believes in Allah, he also values his wife’s religion. At home, his children follow both religions, with the Qur’an being situated next to the Hindu gods. [14] In 2005, Nasreen Munni Kabir produced a two-part documentary on Khan, titled The Inner and Outer World of Shah Rukh Khan. F eaturing his 2004 Temptations concert tour, the film contrasted Khan’s inner world of family and daily life with the outer world of his work. The book Still Reading Khan, which details his family life, was released in 2006. Another book by Anupama Chopra, â€Å"King of Bollywood: Shahrukh Khan and the seductive world of Indian cinema†, was released in 2007. This book described the world of Bollywood through Khan’s life. [15][16] Khan has been awarded several honours which includes the Padma Shri, India’s fourth highest civilian award from the Government of India in 2005. In April 2007, a life-size wax statue of Khan was installed at the Madame Tussauds Wax Museum, London. Another statue was installed at the Musee Grevin in Paris, the same year. 17] During the same year, he was accorded the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Order of the Arts and Literature) award by the French government for his â€Å"exceptional career†. [18] In October 2008, Khan was conferred the Darjah Mulia Seri Melaka which carries the honorific Datuk (in similar fashion to â€Å"Sir† in British knighthood), by the Yang di-Pertua Negeri Tun Mohd Khalil Yaakob, the head of state of Malacca in Malaysia. Khan was honoured for â€Å"promoting tourism in Malacca† by filming One Two Ka Four there in 2001. Some were critical of this decision. 19] He was also honoured with an honorary doctorate in arts and culture from Britain’s University of Bedfordshire in 2009. [20] Film career Background Khan studied acting under celebrated Theatre Director Barry John at Delhi’s Theatre Action Group (TAG). In 2007, John commented thus on his former pupil that, â€Å"The credit for the phenomenally successful development and management of Shahrukh’s career goes to the superstar himself. â€Å"[21] Khan made his acting debut in 1988 when he appeared in the television series, Fauji, playing the role of Commando Abhimanyu Rai. 22] He went on to appear in several other television serials, most notably in the 1989 serial, Aziz Mirza’s Circus, which depicted the life of circus performers. [23] The same year, Khan also had a minor role in the made-for-television English-language film, In Which Annie Gives it Those Ones, which was based on life at Delhi University and was written by Arundhati Roy. 1990s Upon moving from New Delhi to Mumbai in 1991,[24] Khan made his Bollywood movie debut in Deewana (1992). You read "Srk N His Life" in category "Papers" The movie became a box office hit, and launched his career in Bollywood. [25] His performance won him a Filmfare Best Male Debut Award. He went on to star in Maya Memsaab, which generated some controversy because of his appearance in an â€Å"explicit† sex scene in the movie. [26] In 1993, Khan won acclaim for his performances in villainous roles as an obsessive lover and a murderer, respectively, in the box office hits, Darr and Baazigar. [27] Darr marked his first collaboration with renowned film-maker Yash Chopra and his banner Yash Raj Films, the largest production company in Bollywood. Baazigar, which saw Khan portraying an ambiguous avenger who murders his girlfriend, shocked its Indian audience with an unexpected violation of the standard Bollywood formula. 28] His performance won him his first Filmfare Best Actor Award. In that same year, Khan played the role of a young musician in Kundan Shah’s Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa, a performance that earned him a Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance. Khan maintains that this is his all-time favourite among the movies he has acted in. [29] In 1994, Khan once again played an obsessive lover/psycho’s role in Anjaam, co-starring alongside Madhuri Dixit. Though the movie was not a box office success, Khan’s performance earned him the Filmfare Best Villain Award. [30] In 1995, Khan starred in Aditya Chopra’s directorial debut Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, a major critical and commercial success, for which he won his second Filmfare Best Actor Award. [31] In 2007, the film entered its twelfth year in Mumbai theaters. By then the movie had grossed over 12 billion rupees, making it as one of India’s biggest movie blockbusters. [32] Earlier in the same year he found success in Rakesh Roshan’s Karan Arjun which became the second biggest hit of the year. 1996 was a disappointing year for Khan as all his movies released that year failed to do well at the box office. 33] This was, however, followed by a comeback in 1997. He saw success with Subhash Ghai’s social drama Pardes — one of the biggest hits of the year — and Aziz Mirza’s comedy Yes Boss, a moderately successful feature. [34] His second project with Yash Chopra as a director, Dil to Pagal Hai became that year’s second highest-grossing movie, and he won his third Filmfare Best Actor Award for his role as a stage director who falls in love with one of his new actresses. [34] In 1998, Khan starred in Karan Johar’s directorial debut, Kuch Kuch Hota Hai, which was the biggest hit of the year. 35] His performance won him his fourth Best Actor award at the Filmfare. He won critical praise for his performance in Mani Ratnam’s Dil Se. The movie did not do well at the Indian box office, though it was a commercial success overseas. [36] Khan’s only release in 1999, Baadshah, was an average grosser. [37] 2000s Khan’s success continued with Aditya Chopra’s 2000 film, Mohabbatein, co-starring Amitabh Bachchan. It did well at the box office, and Khan’s performance as a college teacher won him his second Critics Award for Best Performance. He also starred in Mansoor Khan’s action film Josh. The film starred Khan as the leader of a Christian gang in Goa and Aishwarya Rai as his twin sister, and was also a box office success. [38] In that same year, Khan set up his own production house, Dreamz Unlimited with Juhi Chawla (see below). Both Khan and Chawla starred in the first movie of their production house, Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani. [38] His work with Karan Johar continued as he collaborated on the family drama Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham which was the second biggest hit of the year. He also received favorable reviews for his performance as Emperor Asoka in the historical epic, Asoka, a partly fictionalised account of the life of Ashoka the Great (304 BC–232 BC). [39] In 2002, Khan received acclaim for playing the title role in Sanjay Leela Bhansali’s award-winning period romance, Devdas. It was the third Hindi movie adaptation of Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay’s well-known novel of the same name, and surfaced as one of the biggest hits of that year. [40] Khan also starred opposite Salman Khan and Madhuri Dixit in the family-drama Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam, which did well at the box office. 40] In 2003, Khan starred in the moderately successful romantic drama, Chalte Chalte. [41] That same year, he starred in the tearjerker, Kal Ho Naa Ho, written by Karan Johar and directed by Nikhil Advani. Khan’s performance in this movie as a man with a fatal heart disease was appreciated. The movie proved to be one of the year’s biggest hits in India and Bollywood’s biggest hit in the overseas markets. [41] 2004 was a particularly good year for Khan, both commercially and critically. He starred in Farah Khan’s directorial debut, the comedy Main Hoon Na. The movie did well at the box office. He then played the role of an Indian officer, Veer Pratap Singh in Yash Chopra’s love saga Veer-Zaara, which was the biggest hit of 2004 in both India and overseas. [42] The film relates the love story of Veer and Pakistani woman Zaara Haayat Khan, played by Preity Zinta. Khan’s performance in the film won him awards at several award ceremonies. In that same year, he received critical acclaim for his performance in Ashutosh Gowariker’s drama Swades. He was nominated for the Filmfare Best Actor Award for all three of his releases in 2004, winning it for Swades. [42] In 2006, Khan collaborated with Karan Johar for the fourth time with the melodrama movie Kabhi Alvida Na Kehna. It did well in India and much more so in the overseas market, becoming the biggest Bollywood hit in the overseas market of all-time. [43] His second release that year saw him playing the title role in the action film Don, a remake of the 1978 hit Don. The movie was a success. [43] Khan’s success continued with a few more highly popular films. One of his most successful works was the multiple award-winning 2007 film, Chak De India, about the Indian women’s national hockey team. Earning over Rs 639 million, Chak De India became the third highest grossing movie of 2007 in India and won yet another Filmfare Best Actor Award for Khan. [44] The film was a major critical success. [45] In the same year Khan also starred in Farah Khan’s 2007 film, Om Shanti Om. The film emerged as the year’s highest grossing film in India and the overseas market, and became India’s highest grossing production ever up to that point. [44] It earned him another nomination for Best Actor at the Filmfare ceremony. Khan’s more recent films include the 2008 release, Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi which was a huge box office success, and Billu. Khan’s next film, My Name Is Khan, is due for release on 12 February 2010. While on one shoot in Los Angeles, along with his wife Gauri and director Karan Johar, he took a break from filming to attend the 66th Golden Globe Awards, held in Los Angeles, California, on 11 January 2009. [46][47] Khan introduced Slumdog Millionaire along with a star from the film, Freida Pinto. [48][49] Producer Khan turned producer when he set up a production company called Dreamz Unlimited with Juhi Chawla and director Aziz Mirza in 1999. The first two of the films he produced and starred in: Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani (2000) and Asoka (2001) were box office failures. [39] However, his third film as a producer and star, Chalte Chalte (2003), proved a box office hit. [41] In 2004, Khan set up another production company, Red Chillies Entertainment, and produced and starred in Main Hoon Na, another hit. [42] The following year, he produced and starred in the fantasy film Paheli, which did poorly. [50] It was, however, India’s official entry to the Academy Awards for consideration for Best Foreign Language Film, but it did not pass the final selection. Also in 2005, Khan co-produced the supernatural horror film Kaal with Karan Johar, and performed an item number for the film with Malaika Arora Khan. Kaal was moderately successful at the box office. [50] His company has gone on to produce Om Shanti Om (2007), in which he starred, and Billu (2009), in which he played a supporting role as a Bollywood superstar. Apart from film production, the company also has a visual effects studio known as Red Chillies VFX. It has also ventured into television content production, with shows like, The First Ladies, Ghar Ki Baat Hai’, and Knights and Angels. Television advertisements are also produced by the company. [51] In 2008, Red Chillies Entertainment became the owner of the Kolkata Knight Riders in the BCCI-backed IPL cricket competition. Television host In 2007, Khan replaced Amitabh Bachchan as the host of the third series of the popular game show Kaun Banega Crorepati, the Indian version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. [52] The previous had hosted the show for five years from 2000–05. On 22 January 2007, Kaun Banega Crorepati aired with Khan as the new host[53] and later ended on 19 April 2007. [54] On 25 April 2008, Khan began hosting the game show Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain? , the Indian version of Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? ,[55] whose last episode was telecasted on 27 July 2008, with Lalu Prasad Yadav as the special guest. [56] Awards and nominations Main article: List of Shahrukh Khan’s awards and nominations Filmography Actor Year Title Role Notes 1992 Deewana Raja Sahai Winner, Filmfare Best Male Debut Award Idiot Pawan Raghujan Chamatkar Sunder Srivastava Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman Raju (Raj Mathur) Dil Aashna Hai Karan 1993 Maya Memsaab Lalit Kumar King Uncle Anil Bhansal Baazigar Ajay Sharma/Vicky Malhotra Winner, Filmfare Best Actor Award Darr Rahul Mehra Nominated, Filmfare Best Villain Award Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa Sunil Winner, Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award 1994 Anjaam Vijay Agnihotri Winner, Filmfare Best Villain Award 1995 Karan Arjun Arjun Singh/Vijay Zamana Deewana Rahul Malhotra Guddu Guddu Bahadur Oh Darling! Yeh Hai India Hero Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge Raj Malhotra Winner, Filmfare Best Actor Award Ram Jaane Ram Jaane Trimurti Romi Singh 1996 English Babu Desi Mem Vikram/Hari/Gopal Mayur Chaahat Roop Rathore Army Arjun Special appearance Dushman Duniya Ka Badru 1997 Gudgudee Special appearance Koyla Shankar Yes Boss Rahul Joshi Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award Pardes Arjun Saagar Dil To Pagal Hai Rahul Winner, Filmfare Best Actor Award 1998 Duplicate Bablu Chaudhry/Manu Dada Nominated, Filmfare Best Villain Award Achanak Himself Special appearance Dil Se Amarkant Varma Kuch Kuch Hota Hai Rahul Khanna Winner, Filmfare Best Actor Award 1999 Baadshah Raj Heera/Baadshah Nominated, Filmfare Best Comedian Award 2000 Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani Ajay Bakshi Hey Ram Amjad Ali Khan Josh Max Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega Rahul Special appearance Mohabbatein Raj Aryan Malhotra Winner, Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award Gaja Gamini Himself Special appearance 2001 One 2 Ka 4 Arun Verma Asoka Asoka Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham Rahul Raichand Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award 2002 Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam Gopal Devdas Devdas Mukherjee Winner, Filmfare Best Actor Award Shakti: The Power Jaisingh Special appearance Saathiya Yeshwant Rao Cameo 2003 Chalte Chalte Raj Mathur Kal Ho Naa Ho Aman Mathur Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award 2004 Yeh Lamhe Judaai Ke Dushant Main Hoon Na Maj. Ram Prasad Sharma Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award Veer-Zaara Veer Pratap Singh Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award Swades Mohan Bhargava Winner, Filmfare Best Actor Award 2005 Kuch Meetha Ho Jaaye Himself Special appearance Kaal Special appearance in song Kaal Dhamaal Silsiilay Sutradhar Special appearance in song Jab Jab Dil Mile Paheli Kishenlal/The Ghost The Inner and Outer World of Shah Rukh Khan Himself (Biopic) Documentary directed by British-based author and director Nasreen Munni Kabir 2006 Alag Special appearance in song Sabse Alag Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna Dev Saran Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award Don – The Chase Begins Again Vijay/Don Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award Nominated, Asian Film Award for Best Actor I See You Special appearance in song Subah Subah 2007 Chak De India Kabir Khan Winner, Filmfare Best Actor Award Heyy Babyy Raj Malhotra Special appearance in song Mast Kalandar Om Shanti Om Om Prakash Makhija/Om Kapoor Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award 2008 Krazzy 4 Special appearance in song Break Free Bhoothnath Aditya Sharma Special appearance Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi Surinder Sahni/Raj Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award 009 Luck by Chance Himself Special appearance Billu Sahir Khan Aao Wish Karein Narrator [57] 2010 Dulha Mil Gaya Released on 8 January 2010 My Name Is Khan Rizwan Khan Releasing on 12 February 2010 Ra. 1 Koochie Koochie Hota Hain Rocky Filming Producer * Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani (2000) * Asoka (2001) * Chalte Chalte (2003) * Main Hoon Na (2004) * Kaal (2005) * Paheli (2005) * Om Shanti Om (2007) * Billu (2009) Playback singer * Main to hoon Pagal – Baadshah (1999) * Apun Bola – Josh (2000) * Khaike Paan Banaraswala – Don – The Chase Begins Again (2006) * Ek Hockey Doongi Rakhke – Chak De India (2007) Sattar Minute – Chak De India (2007) Stunts director * Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998) * Main Hoon Na (2004) * Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna (2006) * Chak De India (2007) * Om Shanti Om (2007) Television appearances * Dil Dariya (1988) * Fauji (1988) †¦ Abhimanyu Rai * Doosra Keval (1989) * Circus (1989) * In Which Annie Gives It Those Ones (1989) * Idiot (1991) †¦ Pawan Raghujan * Kareena Kareena (2004) †¦ Special appearance * Rendezvous with Simi Garewal†¦.. Guest * Koffee with Karan (2004–2007) †¦ Guest (3 episodes) * Kaun Banega Crorepati (2007) †¦ Host * Jjhoom India (2007) †¦ Guest * Nach Baliye (2008) †¦. Guest * Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain? (2008) †¦. Host * Oye! It’s Friday! (2009) †¦ Guest * Tere Mere Beach Mein (2009) †¦ Guest See also * List of Indian Actors * Newark Airport Incident Bibliography * Nasreen Munni Kabir. The Inner and Outer World of Shah Rukh Khan (Documentary, 2005). * Shahrukh Khan – Still Reading Khan. A1Books Distributor 2007. ISBN 9788187107798. * Gahlot, Deepa; Agarwal, Amit. King Khan SRK. Augsburg Weltbild 2007. ISBN 9783828988699. * Ghosh, Biswadeep. Hall of fame: Shahrukh Khan (in English). Mumbai: Magna Books, 2004. ISBN 8178092379. * Chopra, Anupama. King of Bollywood : Shah Rukh Khan and the seductive world of Indian cinema (English). New York: Warner Books, 2007. ISBN 9780446578585. Notes 1. ^ â€Å"Indian cinema doing well because of cultural ethos: Shah Rukh Khan†. The Hindu. 17 June 2007. http://www. hindu. com/thehindu/holnus/009200706171961. htm. Retrieved 2009-08-16. 2. ^ Kumar, Anuj (11 November 2004). â€Å"Bollywood bonanza†. The Hindu. http://www. hindu. com/mp/2004/11/11/stories/2004111101010300. htm. Retrieved 2009-08-16. Kamath, Sudhish (7 December 2007). Being SRK†. The Hindu. http://www. hindu. com/cp/2007/12/07/stories/2007120750010100. htm. Retrieved 16 August 2009. 3. ^ â€Å"The Global Elite – 41: Shahrukh Khan†. Newsweek. 20 December 2008. http://www. newsweek. com/id/176325. Retrieved 24 December 2008. 4. ^ â€Å"The Rediff Interview / Shah Rukh Khan†. Rediff. http://www. rediff. com/movies/2007/mar/16srk . htm. Retrieved 5 July 2006. 5. ^ 2009 interview with an Afghan movie director on Afghan TV channel, Shahrukh Khan states that his father’s father (grandfather) is from Afghanistan. 6. ^ â€Å"Badshah at durbar and dinner†. elegraphindia. com. http://www. telegraphindia. com/1040531/asp/frontpage/story_3313328. asp. Retrieved 12 March 2007. 7. ^ â€Å"Rediff News Gallery: The Shahrukh Connection†. http://specials. rediff. com/news/2004/may/31sl02. htm. 8. ^ A Hundred Horizons by Sugata Bose, 2006 USA, p136 9. ^ â€Å"Shahrukh Khan – Journey†. http://movies. indiatimes. com/cms. dll/articleshow? artid=177008right=1fright=1botlink=1. 10. ^ SRK to run for Delhi TNN, The Times of India, 30 September 2009. â€Å"I was born here, in Talwar Nursing Home. I lived here for more than two decades in Rajinder Nagar† 11. IndiaFM News Bureau (2 November 2006). â€Å"Facts you never knew about SRK†. indiaFM. http://www. indiafm. com/features/2006/1 1/02/1777. Retrieved 26 July 2008. 12. ^ â€Å"Shah Rukh Khan turns 42†. zeenews. com. http://www. zeenews. com/znnew/articles. asp? aid=404915sid=ZNSsname=exclusive-news. Retrieved 2 November 2007. 13. ^ Siddiqui, Rana (17 November 2006). â€Å"Much ado about King Khan†. The Hindu. http://www. hinduonnet. com/thehindu/fr/2006/11/17/stories/2006111701130100. htm. Retrieved 9 February 2008. 14. ^ Zubair Ahmed (23 September 2005). â€Å"Who’s the real Shah Rukh Khan? â€Å". BBC News – BBC. How to cite Srk N His Life, Papers

Marriage Research Paper free essay sample

Ian Moskowitz Mrs. Riccardi English IV H 30 January 2009 During the middle ages there were different expectations of marriage compared to today. Through out both there have been divorces arranged marriages and ceremonial traditions that have occurred. Each having comparisons and differences to one another. Divorce was something that been uncommon in the middle Ages the only ones who could divorce were men if their wives had committed adultery. Women on the other hand, could not divorce their husband unless he had committed numerous counts of crimes, one major crime, or was away on a long tour during warfare. For many married couples during the middle ages period, divorces were very uncommon and were not ok with the fellow towns people who would bash and chastise the divorcees, making sure they knew what in there mind was something wrong. Today â€Å"In the United States, 49% of marriages end in divorce. Although 82% of all married couples will reach their fifth wedding anniversary, only 52% will celebrate 15 years of marriage†. We will write a custom essay sample on Marriage Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (divorce. lovetoknow. com) Because unlike the Middle Ages, today women have equal rights as men do. So a married couple can divorce one another for any reason they see fit. Whether it’d be lack of love, desire for another partners money, or acts or violence. The difference in ones own opinion is that today it is not looked down upon because so many people are doing it and it’s actually almost expected to happen. Even though the middle ages lacked divorce, it boomed with arranged marriages because back then the fathers of the brides would choose whom their daughters could marry. Whether it’d be to increase wealth or property, which occurred with noble or royal women. For women who were apart of the low or peasant class â€Å"the father would need to take permission from the feudal lord for the marriage to be arranged†. (Marriage. ygoy. com) In this day and age arranges marriages are uncommon and seem to be a thing of the past fading away year by year, but do occur because just like the middle ages, there are still people who want to arrange a marriage for money, property or tradition to better themselves and their family. â€Å"Today arranged marriages tend to exist in Japan, China, India, in Jewish culture and many other parts of the world†. www. helium. com). To me arranged marriages are wrong, because marriage should be two people who feel a strong love for each other that they would want to spend the rest of their life together. Not because they have to be forced into it by their selfish family or by some old tradition. Lastly Ceremonial traditions were a big part of marriage during the Middle Ages and today. For the royal or no bles during the middle ages, would have a huge feast where the whole town would attend their castle and witness the couple get married. It was not always like this though. The earliest forms of marriage were usually quite simple and could be done simply by signing a slip of paper â€Å"But it wasnt until the 16th century Council of Trent that decreed a priest was required to perform the betrothal ceremony†. (www. medieval-weddings. net/marriage_laws. htm) and that it could not be done in secret but would have to be held in the open. Today, many couples will have the marriage with a big service depending on their religion and after have an elaborate party. But a couple can also do it as simply as signing a paper and having a witness present to verify there marriage. A ceremonial tradition is something one tends to think of as a positive. It lets the people attending and the couples, take part and enjoy the sacred bond of love and passion two beings share with one another. All in all the Middle Ages marriages share both comparisons to today’s marriages and some differences. Ranging from divorce, arranged marriages for people, and the ceremonial traditions people part take in when they get married. Its interesting to see how over so many years, marriage itself has evolved from practically no love for one another to being mostly about love in today’s world.

Ways of Seeing by John Berger Essay Example For Students

Ways of Seeing by John Berger Essay When thinking of good art or bad art what is there to think? I believe that art is art. While reading â€Å"Ways of Seeing† I see that most people need to understand the true meaning of art. Art is painting, drawings, sculptures, and etc. Art can be formed in many shapes or sizes. In the essay Mr. Berger states that â€Å"Seeing comes before words. The child looks and recognizes before it can speak. † When Berger states that children look and recognizes before it can speak shows a lot with art. This means that as a child i learn things not only from my mother but from how I seen it and remembered it. We will write a custom essay on Ways of Seeing by John Berger specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now For an example I learned that my bottle was my form of food and that my pacifier was and from of way to keep me calm and something to hush me up from the crying. With using my eyes I form to see what I want to learn them on my own with my own thoughts. When looking at an picture do I see words or figure or possibly an design? I see and figure or more I hardly ever see words in an art visual. Art can also be seen from feelings. â€Å"When in love, the sight of the beloved has a completeness which no words and no embrace can match†- line 4. I never thought that being in love is a type of art. With being in love it can be seen as two types of art. The first thing is good and soothing art. When being happily in love you see good things like smiles, hugs, laughter, and more. Then there is bad love when it can be seen as good love turned into bad things in one picture. With seeing two types of love in a picture one way it can be smiling and happy and as soon as you flip the picture upside down you see frowns. Why does art mean so much to the world? John Berger claims that art carters to the tastes and interest of the rich. In which way is this false? When Berger made this statement made me believe that he only have one mind set and it is for the rich. When going to really nice art galleries to see very nice picture they are usually expensive, why? I say they its very expensive when most very good paintings have a copyrights to the picture. Which means that no one can claim this painting without permission or also repaint this painting in the exact same way that the copyright is made like. When good paintings takes a while to think of thoughts deep within for the works of art. Sometimes art can be assumed to be high price because the venue it is placed at. I firmly believe that his statement was false because art is not only made for the rich and wealthy people. Art is made for everyone to learn to stimulate their minds to go into a different form of thoughts. It’s mainly formed to look outside the box. when being lower class, middle class, high class, rich or poor doesn’t matter your train of thought because with being any class you can look at the same picture and get the same thought as a rich person. The art galleries and painting can be arranged from high prices so that the artist can get over on the buyer to get more money. Most paintings can be so simply and price ranges can be from One Hundred Dollars and up, why because most times the artist claims they spend several hours painting or drawing so they should be able to charge more. The artist wants to be paid for the labor and the money they had to use to for all the materials like frame and paint and the utensils. I strongly believe that art is not only catered to the tastes and interest of the rich. It is created because it comes from their heart and mind of the artistic creators. When clothing lines like Ralph Lauren Polo, Gucci, Coach, Nike and etc. o people that that is it only for the rich? I believe not because all can afford and all can buy if they have enough money. .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea , .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea .postImageUrl , .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea , .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea:hover , .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea:visited , .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea:active { border:0!important; } .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea:active , .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gender Roles In The Movie Showgirls EssayMost artist and creators should have an open mind to what they price their belongings at if they want to have very good sales rate and sales income if they make their prices affordable. In today’s world modern art can be anything you want it to be. Art can be clothes, shoes, people, and more. Modern art is is a form of art that is traditional. When I look at art from the earlier days like in the 1860s till 1970s the art is more dull and plain. When I look at art now in today’s world I see more colors. Looking at art today I can see that more artist in today’s world possibly took a risk can did bolder things that most artist wouldn’t do. Most artist today mixed colors and did different shapes and more. I have say my kind of art is human body art. I like the fact that these people are very comfortable with their body to let the world see. The artist will paint the body of their model. The model would have all type of color and all type of designs. Body art can be from paint and tattoos and also jewelry. When I went to my first body art museum i was very amazed because of all the different type of art I was seeing. The artist will have them in different stands and they would move around and form a different stand. Do I think that today’s art relegated traditional art? Yes I believe that art have changed since the modern days. Why, because many people look at art as something meaningful and now sometimes in today’s world most people wouldn’t recognize good art. Which is why I believe that is why he believe that poor people would never understand art. Most poor people are and form of art because that is what most people seen and took their artistic mind and got there painting from them. Poor people are a form of art because they have nothing to show but what they have left which is their self. When looking at poor people you can see a picture of them that stays in your head. From them sitting on the ground and standing on the corner and more. Art can be seen from different points of view of the world. Berger stated that back in the day people had to go to the church to see murals on the walls and ceilings. Berger thinks that it is basically weird that you can take a picture on any device it was taken on and you can travel with it anywhere. Sometimes you are supposed to see thing as there but you see them as you them. History is a form of art also. Back when we as the people was not equal. We as in black in black people was seeing things different from the whites. All most people wanted to be is to be equal and that was the overall big picture. Most people seen that very different. As people grow up you have to learn to see the bigger picture. We see things the way we want sometimes because of the way we were brought up in the world. It is crazy because most people views are not the same at all. When you go to and art gallery i look at the black history as a picture of hurt and people wanting better. Most people that didn’t want to be equal or that wasn’t taught or brought up to be equal see different. They probably see that it was ok to be treated that way. In today’s world we don’t see things as other at all we see what we want. When you see what you want you see what you believe in. When you see what you want you possibly do not see no right or wrong. Why because that is what you was brought up to believe in. When seeing things the way you want and not how they are supposed to be seen can affect the artist. This can affect the artist because it defeats the purpose of their point of view of their art. .u0612fbadb82cda69c709263279f04711 , .u0612fbadb82cda69c709263279f04711 .postImageUrl , .u0612fbadb82cda69c709263279f04711 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0612fbadb82cda69c709263279f04711 , .u0612fbadb82cda69c709263279f04711:hover , .u0612fbadb82cda69c709263279f04711:visited , .u0612fbadb82cda69c709263279f04711:active { border:0!important; } .u0612fbadb82cda69c709263279f04711 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0612fbadb82cda69c709263279f04711 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0612fbadb82cda69c709263279f04711:active , .u0612fbadb82cda69c709263279f04711:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0612fbadb82cda69c709263279f04711 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0612fbadb82cda69c709263279f04711 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0612fbadb82cda69c709263279f04711 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0612fbadb82cda69c709263279f04711 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0612fbadb82cda69c709263279f04711:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0612fbadb82cda69c709263279f04711 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0612fbadb82cda69c709263279f04711 .u0612fbadb82cda69c709263279f04711-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0612fbadb82cda69c709263279f04711:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Movie Overview - Collateral EssayA picture was form for peace and positive and you may see war and negativity. Why because you are simply brought up in today’s world to see thing the way you want to see them. Is this fair to the artist no it is not because it makes them think that his picture has another concept then what is was made to be. Sometime the artist may change his whole artistic concept to make people in today’s world think outside the box and see the bigger picture. I believe that one day most people will turn to see the bigger picture that we are supposed to see. We are supposed to see thing as the way they are not how want to see them. It is not fair to the artist and their whole concept of their artistic account. We as people have to be able to allow our mind to expand to see more than the average. Why does mean so much to the world? Reading John Berger â€Å"Ways of Seeing† has made me see art in such a different way. Art is important because it creates both independence and coordinated effort. They make it conceivable to utilize individual qualities as a part of important ways. It additionally gives chances to representation toward oneself, bringing the internal world into the external universe of solid reality. Also an approach to express dreams that are past the limit of words and a medium for social edification. Information of expressions of the human experience is an essential establishment for edified citizenship in our undeniably entangled world. Just like the reactions of craftsmen to the occasions of 9/11 are only one indication of the crucial part that expressions of the human experience play in investigating the passionate measurements of experience, in molding the way individuals discuss basic issues and in defining dreams without bounds, both for specialists and their gatherings of people. Everything that happens around the world is a form of art even if it does not appear in today’s world. John Berger made me open my eyes and see the bigger picture of the form of art. Art can be anything you put your mind to. If you open your eyes to see thing as they are you are an artist because your mind have painted an image that sticks to you for the rest of your life. I also believe that art is not ruined by the today’s world. I just very firmly believe that art has transform into a very new generation. This give people a chance to see the best of both worlds that art has formed into. Why because both generations of art has some very good art pieces in it. When you see good art back in the modern day’s you seen very strange things that related to the world that was around them. In today’s world art is much straighter to the point. Possibly made for the people now not to think as much as they should. This is why I say more people should be taught to think outside the box and see the bigger picture. Bibliography: Berger, John.  Ways of Seeing. London: British Broadcasting :, 1973. Print.

Cultural Diversity in International Hospitality Management Essay Essays

Cultural Diversity in International Hospitality Management Essay Essays Cultural Diversity in International Hospitality Management Essay Paper Cultural Diversity in International Hospitality Management Essay Paper Diverseness in cordial reception industry: One of the biggest impacts of globalisation for those pull offing companies and organisation is covering with a more culturally diverse pool of employees ( Lim and Noriega. 2007 ) . Lim and Noriega ( 2007 ) further argue that in a universe where over 50 % of world’s are owned and controlled by TNCs and MNCs they are bound to cover with work forces from different cultural backgrounds due to their cross boundary operations. their effort to pull endowment from assorted parts of Earth. and at times governments’ force per unit area for greater diverseness at workplace ( Stanley. 2008 ) . Stanley ( 2008 ) note that. the same regulation of pollex applies to the cordial reception industry. which has seen a rush in work force diverseness. Lim and Noriega ( 2007 ) advocate that rapid growing in the cordial reception industry in countries such as East and Southeast Asia ( e. g. China ) have presented the cordial reception MNCs such as Hilton and Sheraton with the much needed infin ite to turn. Stanley’s ( 2008 ) survey of international hotel ironss in Asia continent reveals that Hilton is be aftering to add another 300 subdivisions to its bing 50 subdivisions in the part. Harmonizing to a study by Xinhua ( 2008 ) many international cordial reception organisations showed preparedness to tap into the Chinese market in the face of the Beijing 2008 Olympics. Such aggressive conflict for market portion in this booming part has already made its grade on the labor market where there is a tight competition among these companies to pull the gifted employees ( Doherty et al. 2007 ) . Doherty et Al. ( 2007 ) argue that the existent competition in the labor market is to absorb the sort of directors that are able to cover with employees from a different cultural background. Therefore. the of import undertaking for these MNCs is to pull the type of direction endowment ( frequently expatriates ) who are able to cover with multicultural work environments while these directors receive the right male monarch of support from the caput office to get the better of the type of jobs these environments pose due to cultural differences ( Zhang. 2010 ) . The increasing importance of covering with cultural differences. particularly in direction degree has resulted in creative activity of a huge organic structure of literature on this topic. One of the earliest plant on this topic were presented by Hofstede ( 1980 ) who introduced a conceptual model that is based on 5 dimensions of ; â€Å"power distance. individuality vs. Bolshevism. maleness vs. muliebrity. uncertainness turning away. and long term vs. short term orientation† ( Hostede. 1980 ) . Other theories of civilization are developed by bookmans such as Klutchhohn and Strodtbeck ( 1961 ) who introduced the cultural orientation model and Hall ( 1971 ) who develop the cultural contexts construct. In the this paper the chief purpose of the writer is to compare and contrast these three cultural constructs on the footing of their advantages. disadvantages and suitableness to the direction of Chinese employees in the context of cordial reception industry. However. foremost this writer is traveling to supply a brief debut on civilization and its assorted definitions every bit good as debating why it is of import to understand civilization and cultural differences. What is civilization? Culture has been studied and analysed from assorted different position. which tend to supply changing. but yet at times similar definitions of this term. For case. Keesing ( 1974 ) defines civilization as â€Å"systems ( of socially transmitted behavior forms ) that serve to associate human communities to their ecological scenes. These ways of life of communities include engineerings and manners of economic organisation. colony forms. manners of societal grouping and political organisation. spiritual beliefs and patterns. and so on† ( pp. 5 ) . Binford ( 1968 ) provides the undermentioned definition: â€Å"Culture is all those agencies whose signifiers are non under direct familial control. . . which serve to set persons and groups within their ecological communities† ( p. 323 ) . Based on these interpretation civilization can be defined as a group of behaviors and beliefs associated to a certain group that may shack in a certain geographical location. However. what make civilization and cultural surveies of import is the sensed differences among between civilizations and the deduction of these differences for the universe commercialism. Solomon and Schell ( 2009 ) argue that â€Å"today it’s non uncommon to pull off concern maps in other states with direct describing relationships to functional squads in many states ; it’s besides non unusual to interact with co-workers at place who have a assortment of backgrounds and diverse personal manners. all of which respond to different direction techniques† ( pp. 111 ) . Morris ( 2011 ) besides notes that understanding cultural differences is an of import facet of pull offing diverse pools of employees and asserts that â€Å"a ( director ) who interprets employees from different cultural groups without consciousness of cultural norms can lose or misread of import signals in their communication† . Thus. so far it is established that cultural consciousness is an built-in and of import portion of direction ; the undermentioned subdivisions will take to reexamine the antecedently mentioned cultural theories in the context of cordial reception direction of foreign or expatriate directors in China. Hofstede’s five dimensions: Hofstede’s ( 1980 ) five dimensions was produced on the dorsum of many interviews and observations. and as evident from the rubric it is based on five dimensions ( mentioned before ) and assumes that civilizations vary from one another on the footing of these five facets. In seeking to associate the five dimensions construct to the cordial reception industry there are troubles and confusions as the construct was developed on the dorsum of interviews of employees who chiefly worked in a similar industry ( Newman. 1996 ) . However. in seeking to associate this construct to direction of the Chinese cordial reception companies’ directors can enormously profit from the five dimensions ; whether it is about larning how to take and pull off. motivate. decide jobs and etc. ( Rogers. Hart and Miike. 2002 ) . As it can be seen from the tabular array below. states do vary in the manner they react to inequalities in distribution of power. As a consequence. the concept of the organi sations vary depending on this really fact ( Miroshnik. 2001 ) . Based on this observation. one of the major jobs that a cordial reception director would confront in China is acquiring the director subsidiary distance right. In other words. while in Western organisations and companies the direction manner is instead level and two manner communicating is encouraged. in China the hierarchal direction manner is really dominant and the communications channels are usually top-down ( Tuttle et al. 2009 ) . Therefore. a director who is used to a more democratic manner of direction is now faced with the world of a wok topographic point that does non back up or understand this direction theoretical account. One manner of class would be to try to alter the civilization and present a new direction manner into a multi-national hotel chain’s ( e. g. Hilton ) operations in China ; nevertheless. as it can be seen from the past experiences cultural displacements are non as easy and fluid as one may wish them to be ( Choi et al. 2004 ) . Therefore. the easier and more effectual attack in the short to medium term is to understand and encompass the local civilization. For case. a foreign or expatriate director who is pull offing a transnational cordial reception house in China demands to understand the fact that China is a masculine and corporate society where uncertainness is mostly avoided and people have a really long term orientation in life and work and historically advocated great power distance ( Li. 2008 ) . A glimpse at the tabular array above shows that in a society like China low individuality that is built-in in the civilization implies that persons are more concerned about the harmoniousness at work. for which they are willing to stamp down their emotions. and the accomplishment of the group and esteeming the traditions is an built-in portion of their work moralss. The most of import facet of this dimension ought to be that portion of Chinese civilization that emphasizes on ‘working for the intrinsic reward’ . Although this trait is easy decreasing in China as a consequence of globalisation and outgrowth of a ‘global culture’ ( Tuttle et al. 2009 ) the older coevals still upholds these values. Therefore. directors should be aware of this mentality when it comes to inventing schemes to actuate the employees. An interesting facet of Hostede’s ( 1980 ) five dimensions is the maleness vs. muliebrity issues. A deficiency of apprehension of this factor can do jobs for directors and discontent among employees. Jacob ( 2005 ) postulates that in masculine societies undertakings are developed and assigned base on their nature. In other words. undertakings are either masculine or feminine and directors need to hold a good grasp of this fact before prosecuting in developing undertakings and duties. From a personal position this writer can corroborate that in China [ still ] there is a great grade of accent on maleness and muliebrity and delegating a feminine undertaking to a adult male can be considered violative. This is particularly true in instance of cordial reception industry where undertakings such as housework are considered to be preponderantly feminine undertakings. Cultural orientation: This construct was developed by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck ( 1961 ) and was one of the first comparative cultural surveies to look at civilizations from a multi-dimensional position ( Hills. 2002 ) . This construct has been recognised and acknowledged for its psychological survey of human values ( Russo. 2000 and Hofstede. 2001 ) and its attack to value as an across-the-board property that goes beyond the positive and negative of the attitudinal surveies ( Hills. 2002 ) . Writers such as Segal et Al. ( 1999 ) and Smith and Bond ( 1998 ) argue that this construct is non relevant to direction as the writers did non stipulate the deduction of this survey for concern direction. However. this writer finds dimensions Two ( person’s relationship to others people ) and Six ( the construct of infinite ) relevant to direction and to cordial reception industry. These two dimensions are extremely similar with that of Hofstede’s individuality vs. Bolshevism. Therefore. an apprehension of this dimension would fit directors to cover with the quandary that may originate from covering with those who operate under different value systems. For case. in this instance understanding that single relationship with others in the organisation is based on hierarchy and corporate attempt can be enormously advantageous. This is particularly utile in undertaking development where directors would concentrate more on concerted ( corporate ) as opposed to competitory ( single ) undertakings. Hall’s high vs. low context civilization: This construct refers to the grade of formality that is applied in communications between members of society ( Guffey. 2009 ) . Harmonizing to Solomon ( 2011 ) in high context societies a great trade of communicating is non-verbal and the civilization itself explains the state of affairs as opposed to words. As such. in a high context society the pick of words one utters are really of import and metaphorical statements are often used. Furthermore. in a high context society there is immense accent on separating the insider from foreigner ; for case. in China the word ‘Guanxi’ specifically refers to this issue ( Xin and Pearce. 1996 ) . Grainger ( 2002 ) argues that in a high context society such as China. one’s apprehension and regard of the superiors’ place is the key to developing good relationships and making chances. The same rule applies to foreign or expatriate directors who are running cordial reception or any other type of concerns in China. In an article titled â€Å"Gifts. Favours and Banquets: the art of societal relationships in China† Yang ( 1994 ) reveals the secrets of developing meaningful and successful concern relationships in Middle Kingdom and provides priceless advice on how to prosecute in with functionaries and business communities in a manner accepted and understood in Chinese civilization. Grainger ( 2002 ) provides a instance survey of the Roaring Dragon Hotel in South-West China and uncover how after the amalgamation of the hotel with a European cordial reception group some of the employees who were happening it hard to work with the Western Manager use their Guanxi with the a Chinese senior director to be transferred to a subdivision run by a local. Grainger ( 2002 ) further adds that many foreign directors in cordial reception industry fail to procure good trades as they lack the expertness and right links to make so. There is no denial about the fact that in China favors are performed often. but merely at the right monetary value and to the right individuals. The really construct of Guanxi is a euphemism for favoritism and elusive graft ( Yang. 1994 ) . However. to a foreign director the quandary is how to travel about inquiring for favors without exposing themselves or those who are able to supply the right chances ( Park and Luo. 2001 ) . Such state of affairss absolutely highlight the importance of understanding different civilization ( Chinese in this case ) and happening ways of suiting for the demands and demands of that specific civilization. In an article published in New York Times ( 2009 ) Selignon argues that many foreign directors do non understand the importance of constructing Guanxi non merely with local governments and concern proprietors. but besides with the employees. She goes on explicating that bulk of Western directors follow the same patterns that they would make back place and neglect to understand the importance of constructing relationships with their subsidiaries. In Chinese context employee and director relationship goes beyond the office hours and interactions expand to house visits. dinner assemblages and etc. ( Yang. 1994 ) . Therefore. to most cordial reception directors deployed in China success or failure is a affair of understanding or neglecting to understand these differences. Understanding clients from their cultural position: Kandampully et Al. ( 2001 ) posit that cordial reception directors in China are preponderantly covering and providing for the Chinese client. although the figure of foreign clients in China is on the rise. which merely adds to the diverseness of the cultural differences that should be understood and accommodated. This point is confirmed by Reisinger and Turner ( 1997 ) who assert that: â€Å"Greater cross-cultural consciousness. apprehension. and credence of cultural differences is needed by touristry practitioners† ( pp. 1 ) . However. in a purely Chinese context it is upon the foreign director to derive penetration into the demands and wants of the Chinese clients in order to run into or transcend their outlooks. Park and Luo ( 2001 ) argue that to a foreign director of a cordial reception house the chief point of contact with the cultural demands of the clients are the local employees. Therefore. in order to understand the market and its demands directors must be able to acquire through the first hurdle which is to acquire through the direction issues they will confront with their employees. Reisinger and Turner ( 1997 ) assert that â€Å"managers of services houses deployed to foreign states have to cover with the ageless quandary of larning. apprehension and accommodating to what can best be described as unseasoned Waterss ; their failure or success entirely depends on their ability to get the better of the cultural one by one through uninterrupted acquisition and adaptation† . Decision: Cultures as value systems that permeate human beings’ lives and find how they behave. act and react are progressively deriving in importance and over the past few decennaries a big organic structure of literature has been developed to help the commercial universe in covering with the ordeals of covering with cultural differences and troubles that arise from these cultural incongruousnesss. This paper tried to foreground how an apprehension of cultural differences can play a important function in assisting foreign cordial reception directors deployed in China to do a successful cultural passage across civilizations. In the class of this paper it was discussed that civilization as unwritten manuals of behavioral forms play a important function in how many interactions develop and flourish into meaningful relationships. Furthermore. it was highlighted. through proviso of existent life illustrations. how a deficiency of apprehension of cultural differences can restrict or barricad e the success of foreign directors in China. As a agency of confirming this statement this paper looked at three different constructs ( i. e. Hofstede’s five dimentions. Klutchohn and Strodtbeck’s cultural orientation and Hall’s cultural context ) each one of which was studied and analysed in footings of its relevancy to the context of direction ( cordial reception specifically ) . In decision. this paper reveals that while the two constructs of Five Dimensions ( Hofstede ) and Cultural Context ( Hall ) carry greater tantrum and are more applicable to direction issues than cultural orientation construct ( Klutchohn and Strodtbeck ) . Nonetheless. overall impact of such constructs and cultural intelligence on easing successful cultural passage for directors can non be over emphatic. As it was noted in this survey in-depth cultural acquisition and passage non merely allows directors to be more effectual in pull offing their human resources. it will besides let them to negociate entree to better chances for greater development and profitableness. Therefore. understanding civilizations and happening ways of bridging the cultural spread is an indispensable when it comes to pull offing across civilizations. In this manner a director would be able to better his/her efficiency through understanding the host civilization every bit good as cut downing the hazard of misinterpretations and possible dissensions that can otherwise be avoided. Mentions:Grainger. S. . ( 2002 ) â€Å"Guanxi Neglect at the Roaring Dragon in South-west China: The Demise of an International Management Contract† . Proceedings of the fifteenth Annual Conference of the Association for Chinese Economics Studies Australia ( ACESA ) Guffey. Mary Ellen ( 2009 ) . Necessities of Business Communication. South-Western/ Cengage Learning Hills. M. D. ( 2002 ) . Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s Values Orientation Theory. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture. Unit 4. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //scholarworks. gvsu. edu/orpc/vol4/iss4/3 1/11/2012 Hofstede. G. ( 1980 ) . Culture’s Consequences: International differences in work related values. Beverly Hill. CA. Sage. Kluckhohn. F. R. A ; Strodtbeck. F. L. ( 1961 ) . Variations in value orientations. Evanston. IL: Row. Peterson. Luo. Y. ( 1997 ) Guanxi: Principles. doctrines. and deductions. Human Systems Management. 16: 43 – 51. Newman. K. L. ( 1996 ) . â€Å"Culture and congruity: The tantrum between direction patterns and national civilization. †Journal of International Business Studies 27 ( 4 ) : 753. Park. S. H. A ; Luo. Y. ( 2001 ) . Guanxi and Organisational Dynamics: Organizational Networking in Chinese Firms. Strategic Management Journal. 22. pp 455 – 477. Russo. K. W. ( Ed ) . ( 2000 ) . Finding the in-between land: Penetrations and applications of the Value Orientations method. Yarmouth. Maine: Intercultural Press. Samovar. L. A. and Porter. R. E. ( 2004 ) Communication Between Cultures. 5th Ed. Thompson and Wadsworth. Segall. M. H. . Dasen. P. R. . Berry. J. W. . A ; Poortinga. Y. H. ( 1999 ) . Human behaviour in planetary position: An debut to cross-cultural psychological science ( 2nd erectile dysfunction ) . Boston. MA: Allyn and Bacon Seligman. Scott D. ( 1999 ) . Guanxi: Grease the wheels of China. China Business Review. Sep/Oct. Vol. 26 No. 5. pp 34-38. Smith. P. B. . A ; Bond. M. H. ( 1998 ) . Social psychological science across civilizations ( 2nd ed. ) . London. United kingdom: Prentice Hall. Solomon. Michael ( 2011 ) . Consumer Behavior: Buying. Having. and Being. Pearson/ Prentice Hall Yang. M. ( 1994 ) â€Å"Gifts. Favours and Banquets: the art of societal relationships in China† . Ithaca. New york: Cornell University Press.

MGM600-0803B-02 Applied Managerial Decision-Making - Phase 4 Essay

MGM600-0803B-02 Applied Managerial Decision-Making - Phase 4 Individual Project - Essay Example Thus: This type of relationship between the two variables exists when both of them move in the same direction, i.e. either both of them move upward or downward. If we consider two variables X and Y, they are positively or directly correlated if the have values as given under in two cases and when these values are plotted on a graph, the graph will rise from left to right. This type of relationship exists between the two variables when both of them move in the opposite directions i.e. one variable moves upwards while the other moves downwards. If two variables are negatively correlated then they will have the values as given under and if these values are plotted on a graph, the graph will fall from left to right. Correlation between the two variables is said to be perfectly positive if the coefficient of correlation is calculated as +1 and perfectly negative if the coefficient of correlation is calculated as -1. Forecasting is a critical job for the managers around the world and correlation is a statistical tool that can considerably help the managers at Widge Corp to arrive at decisive conclusions, so far as the marketing of their soft drinks in public schools is concerned. 1. According to the article ‘Closing the Digital Divide: Internet Subsidies in Public Schools by Goolsbee and Guryan, there definitely exists a positive correlation between the two variables ‘Number of school lunch eligible students in the school’ and ‘Amount of federal and state funding for the school for education related programs’ (2003) . Thus it will be positively beneficial for the managers at Widge Corp to focus their marketing activities on the schools where the number of ‘School lunch eligible students’ is

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Lactase Enzyme Activity - Lab Report Example Microfuge tubes were selected and labeled according to the selected temperatures 00C, 250C, 400C, 600C, 800C and 1000C and each filled up with 0.5 lines with lactase solution. The solutions were then maintained at water baths with respective temperatures for five minutes after which milk was added to lactose solution up to 1.0 line using an alternate plastic pipette. The solution was left for ten minutes after which a glucose strip was placed into each of the test tubes for one second and allowed to sit on the bench for thirty seconds. The coloration of the glucose strip was then compared with the chart and the amount of glucose recorded in mg/dL. Seven microfuges were selected and labeled; 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, and 12, filled with appropriate pH buffer up to 0.5 line and 3 drops of milk added into each tube. The solution solutions in the seven tubes were then mixed by inverting the tubes three times after which 3 drops of lactase solution was added to each tube using a plastic pipette. All tubes were then incubated for 10 minutes in a water bath at 400C. A glucose strip was then placed in each test tube for one second, removed and left on the bench for thirty seconds and finally coloration compared to the chart provided. Two microfuge tubes were selected and labeled â€Å"L† and the other labeled â€Å"M†. Lactose and Maltose solutions were then added into the tubes labeled L and M respectively up to the 0.5 line. Lactase solution was then added into each tube up to 1.0 line and the mixture placed in 400C water bath for 10 minutes.

Exploring the Bible Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Exploring the Bible - Essay Example Exodus 3 depicts that God drew the attention of Moses out of the middle of the bush and calls him with name Moses. It can be stated from the above statement that God is aware of the name of every individual. Moreover, God said, â€Å"I am the God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob†. It can be postulated from the Exodus 3 that Moses was afraid to explore the God and obscured his face (BibleGateway.com, â€Å"Exodus 3 (American Standard Version)†). From Exodus 3 God’s ability to observe the affliction and misery of His people can be reflected upon. Furthermore, the Exodus reveals the God’s inclination to save people from the Egyptians and bring them to a virtuous and broad land. Accordingly, it can be reflected that God is aware of the hardship and pain suffered by the people and He is firmly determined to eliminate those sufferings and to provide relief to them from the burden of affliction. God intends to take His people to virtuous land which has been described as â€Å"land flowing with milk and honey† (BibleGateway.com, â€Å"Exodus 3 (American Standard Version)†. God said to Moses, He would take them to the dwelling of â€Å"the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Amorites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites† (BibleGateway.com, â€Å"Exodus 3 (American Standard Version)†. The God reveals His concern against the oppression experienced by Israelites. From the above passage, th e God’s nature can be identified to be extremely patient, merciful and sovereign over all the facets (BibleGateway.com, â€Å"Exodus 3 (American Standard Version)†; People’s Church Partington, â€Å"EXODUS 3 – 4:17†). In this regard, God can be identified to be patient as He being aware of the sufferings of His people and His invincible power to relief His people at a single instance, does not haste in His action to bring His people out of the oppression by Egyptians. Moreover, nature of God can be termed as merciful because He is concerned about the hardship and affliction of His people. Last but not the least, God can be considered as sovereign over all the facets as He has the power to perform any action without any fear or objection. 2. ACCORDING TO THIS SECTION OF EXODUS (ESPECIALLY CHAPTERS 5-12), WHY DOES GOD BRING THE VARIOUS â€Å"PLAGUES† UPON THE EGYPTIANS? CITE SPECIFIC PASSAGES THAT EXPLAIN THE PURPOSE FOR THESE PLAGUES (TAKEN T OGETHER). ACCORDING TO THE BIBLICAL AUTHOR, DO THE PLAGUES ACCOMPLISH THEIR PURPOSES? WHY OR WHY NOT? FINALLY, DEVELOP A RESPONSE: WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THIS? When Moses and Aaron departed to Pharaoh of Egypt and said that the God of Israel has said to release the Israelites so that they are able to hold veneration to God in the wilderness then Pharaoh denies and said, â€Å"who is the Lord and why should I obey him† (BibleGateway.com, â€Å"Exodus 3 (American Standard Version)†; People’s Church Partington, â€Å"EXODUS 3 – 4:17†). Pharaoh further declared that he does not know the God and he would not allow the people belonging to Israel to go. On hearing this, Moses returned to the God and said, â€Å"

A Case Study Of Benetton Marketing Essay

A Case Study Of Benetton Marketing Essay Promotion techniques have developed greatly over the years, but nothing has had a greater impact on the tools, methods or ways of developing the promotion strategies than the influence of the new technologies and of new communication tools. We live in an age of speed; communication has become faster and faster especially using Internet tools like: email, online social networks, web banners, web page advertising etc. In the digital age, the organizations should take advantage more and more of the power and the edge offered by the information technology, in order to inform the present or potential clients or consumers in a better and faster way. Marketers have been using electronic tools for many years, but the Internet and other new technologies created a flood of interesting and innovative ways to provide customer value. This new way of reaching the costumers has captured the imagination of marketing scholars and practitioners (Fuciu and Gorski, 2009). In this time and age, companies must proceed with care in choosing the most appropriate methods of reaching their clients or consumers from a financial or ethical perspective. But that does not mean that they can not shock the clients / consumers or use tools and ways of communications that mostly unusual and different from the common methods of promoting products or services. One of these unusual promotion / advertising techniques is the concept of unconventional advertising. In our paper we present the concept of this tool, a brief history as well as several important advantages and disadvantages, and a case study of social marketing advertising campaigns that were developed by the Benetton group which are meant to shock. 2. THE CONCEPT OF UNCONVENTIONAL ADVERTISING The idea of advertising is along as the history of mankind. Archeological finds have dated the early types of advertising, like inscription tablets, discovered in the basin of the Mediterranean Sea. There is evidence that the Romans would paint the announcements of gladiator combats on walls or stones at the crossroads (Kotler and Armstrong, 2008, p. 635) Before we can start to discuss the concept of unconventional advertising we must underline the concept of classical advertising. Over the years this concept has greatly developed and evolved due to the usage and evolution of promotion techniques. One of the most important definitions for the classical advertising is offered by the American Marketing Association (AMA, 2012) which states that advertising is the placement of announcements and persuasive messages in time or space purchased in any of the mass media by business firms, nonprofit organizations, government agencies, and individuals who seek to inform and/ or persuade members of a particular target market or audience about their products, services, organizations, or ideas. According to Philip Kotler (Kotler and Armstrong, 2008, p.1014), advertising is any type of paid presentation and non personal promotion of certain ideas, goods or services by an identified sponsor. The advertising is considered to be any activity developed by an organization that has the role of preparing the general public to respond in an positive way to the organizations offer (Petrescu, 2008, p. 113). A group of authors (Balaure, 2002, p. 487) mentions that advertising is means by which the organization intents to offer the a large array of information to the public with regard to its activity, products, services brand or company by any identifiable supporter (identified buyer). Advertising (Zyman and Brott, 2008, pp. 11-12).is more than the TV commercials, it includes brand positioning, the package, choosing a certain celebrity as a product image, donations, customer relationship management, the way the organization treats its employees or even the way a secretary answers the telephone As we can see from the above mentioned definitions, it is possible to underline several common aspects of these authors like: (1) the placement of information in a persuasive manner; (2) the need to inform the clients / consumers or the general public; (3) there is always an object (product, service, event etc.) of the communication between the organizations and the market; (4) advertising is always paid by a certain individual or organization. Over the years the forms of advertising have evolved greatly. Probably the first recognized advertising forms that we can relate to were those of the 19th Century when in 1936 a French newspaper La Presse was the first daily paper that allowed to print inside its pages a paid advertising (Eskilson, 2007, p.58). Due to the development of new communication techniques since the beginning of the 20th Century like: (1) radio, in the early 20s; (2) commercial television advertising in the middle of the last century; (3) cable TV advertising in the 1960s; (4) Internet advertising since the early 90. All these forms of advertising have had a large number of variations over the years. Among these variations one is considered a bit different than the other ones: the concept of unconventional advertising. In the past years, more and more companies have allocated a bigger part of their marketing budgets for the unconventional strategies. There are several factors that have contributed to the growth of the importance of the unconventional advertising: (1) the lack of credibility and the inefficiency of traditional advertising; (2) customers reluctance to the advertising message; (3) the need to reduce the costs of promotion; (4) the need for differentiation of the products and brands; (5) consumers better understanding of marketing and selling techniques which makes them immune to commercial messages; (6) the need for a better targeting of the audience which has become more and more fragmented (Jurca, 2010, pp. 323 333). The new and innovative manners of the advertising companies and marketing specialists of gaining the attention of the clients has developed and evolved greatly in the last decades. In order to reach the clients differently then their competitors, companies have created new, inventive and unconventional tactics, strategies used for the promotion activities of products, services or events. The concept of unconventional advertising is not very different from the definition that was offered by the American Marketing Association but it is difficult to pin down because it is strictly related to the perception of the people and the frequency of use. The unconventional advertising is permanently changing that is why is virtually impossible to give a comprehensive definition of it. Nevertheless, it can be stated that unconventional advertising comprises all those unusual, non-traditional, innovative and inventive means, methods and strategies of promoting a product, service or brand (Jurca, 2010, pp. 323 333) Several important types of unconventional advertising have developed and it is important to underline certain aspects: (1) Viral marketing refer to marketing techniques that use pre-existing social networks to produce increases in brand awareness or to achieve other marketing objectives (such as product sales) through self-replicating viral processes, analogous to the spread of pathological and computer viruses. Viral marketing is spreading as a popular, efficient marketing tool, as consumers increasingly pick and choose what ads they watch and when. Viral is todays electronic equivalent of old-fashioned word of mouth. Its a marketing strategy that involves creating an online message thats novel or entertaining enough to prompt consumers to pass it on to others spreading the message across the Web like a virus at no cost to the advertiser (Howard, 2005); (2) Marketing in video games corporate marketers have for decades vied to embed their respective brands in movies and television shows, some are beginning to focus on subtler efforts by embedding brands and logos in electronic games. The advergaming industry allows corporate sponsors to connect with young consumers lifestyles (Kaikati and Kaikati, 2004, pp. 6-22). (3) Bait-and-Tease Marketing to the situation where a celebrity uses or talks about a product or a brand without it appearing conspicuous (Kaikati and Kaikati, 2004, pp. 6-22); (4) Bait-and-tease marketing is the strategy of getting people interested in something that later is revealed to be something quite different (Huba, 2005, in Jurca, 2010, pp. 323 333); (5) Ambient advertising is one of the most important forms of unconventional advertising. It is an outdoor form of promotion that uses alternative and unconventional media, called ambient media (Pavel and Cătoiu, 2009) in order to transmit the message; (6) Elevator advertising is another form of unconventional advertising that has been frequently used in the past years. The walls and even the floors of the elevator units can be used to promote products, services and brands either by placing stickers, posters or even products inside the units or by running commercial movies and ads if the elevators are equipped with screen displays (Pavel, Cătoiu, 2009); (7) Aerial advertising is a form of outdoor advertising, but it is not included in the above-the-line category and in this category includes airplanes pulled banners, skywriting, and blimps (Jurca, 2010, pp. 323 333) etc. As we can see there are several important and interesting methods of developing unconventional advertising, however there are several other elements that can be mentioned and are worth studying in a future paper like: body advertising; graffiti advertising; transit advertising; affiliate marketing; bathroom advertising etc. 3. FIGURES AND TABLES As an introduction to this case study it is necessary to explain, in a few words, what represents the Benetton Group to all of us. Benetton Group was established for the first time in a small Italian town in 1955 by the Benetton family. During the years, Luciano Benetton (one of the three brothers an a sister of the family) developed the company, engaging it in the manufacturing and distribution of clothing, shoes, cosmetics and accessories. The groups principal brands include United Colors of Benetton, Sisley, PlayLife, Nordica, Prince, Rollerblade and Killer Loop. In the advertising field, the genius whos name stand for himself in the branch is Oliviero Toscani, Benetton Art Director and Photographer hired by Luciano Benetton in 1982. He is the man who developed the idea that the products must be separate from advertisement. He is well-know around the world for his unusual advertising techniques and themes. Using these images in this unconventional way is an effort by Benetton to break through the complacency that exists in our society (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). By removing these images from their familiar contexts and putting them in a new context they are more likely to be noticed and given the attention they deserve as the viewer becomes involved in the process of answering the questions: What does this image mean? Why does this image appear with a Benetton logo? How do I feel about the subject of the image? What can I do? Luciano BenettonBefore the Toscani Age, the Benetton Group used a traditional way of advertising, focused on its products and logo the Benetton word with a stylized knot of yarn above, contained within a dark green rectangle. Then, Luciano and Toscani realized that they have to stand apart from the rest of the competition and the standard practices of the advertising industry. So, they decided to use the idea of life style accessory and not a clothing brand according to Benetton. Disturbing, revolting, stunning, horrifying, shockingly graphic those are the words that define the Benetton Group advertising campaign. Its gritty, to real and so unglamorous everything fashion is not. And yet its an advertisement for a high end clothing company. All this started with the first theme of Toscani: teenagers and kids from culturally diverse nations who, dressed very colorfull in Benetton attire, were engaged in a variety of playful acts. These is the picture that created the pathway of the Benetton advertising campaign: racial harmony and world peace. https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSsC4360tpwa46frL2-MMHG-vcZA1Ni7-q1QU2sFYye8UUeYQSXJQhttps://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSyQbygZHTYc4a7jUxQV1Il73zbaek3Kaoq-77_OQYUn0ejR38YXQ Fig. 1 Benetton All the colors of the World campaign 1982 1984 In a year in witch Ronald Reagan is in the White House and Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie are writing We Are The World, The Benetton Group launch United Colors of Benetton a phrase thrown into pop culture not only referencing the companys colorful clothing but also the idea that cultural diversity is good. https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSlpvCgu6ewKjLgYARfXfgChEk0P5wLxkNh2s-LtgkSiWgtjWveZA Fig. 2 All colors are equal, just as all men are equal Benetton 1985 Then, in 1988, the company started to mix the people, ideas, legends and culture. So was born the new advertisements featured Joan of Arc and Marilyn Monroe, Leonardo da Vinci and Julius Caesar or Adam and Eve. https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRmcH6UtYDV0v2wu_APlI9Yz2kr8E0cUPPUhIpp-GL4tperPNYsoA https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQBEmCoY5XczTw1HfNEKFy-JOoXZDQuwI-dHGaieR05F8PTAKCOhg Fig. 3 Mixing ideas Benetton 1985 Those mixed ideas and, most of all, the presence of black and white people in the same photo received severe criticism because many thought that was reminding the time when, bought in UK and USA, the black women breast-fed white babies in the times of slavery. Despite all the negative points of view, Benetton maintained that such photos were only symbols of brotherhood and not exploitation of the particular race. The next stept for Luciano Benetton and Oliviero Toscani was discussing other issues: social problems, war deaths, AIDS crisis, environmental disaster, political violence, war exile, etc. Unlike traditional adverts, our images usually have no copy and no product, only our logo. They do not show you a fictitious reality in which you will be irresistible if you make use of our products. They do not tell anyone to buy our clothes, they do not even imply it. All they attempt to do is promote a discussion about issues which people would normally glide over if they approached them from other channels, issues we feel should be more widely discussed. Luciano Benetton So, by switching the focus of the viewer to relevant issues of the time which they believe need attention, Benetton support a cause. Their posters and all advertising ads show aspects of life, unadulterated and uncensored. That shouldnt impact people negatively unless those people want to close themselves off from the world. And, the most important aspect of all, when people have a reaction, whether positive or negative, to an advertisement, that advertisement stays in their minds for longer. https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQxufkmLOi3qRB9yD4YndGUlkoss5gOjjxqTBy2ob5ME5gFUq_Ahttps://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSCMrMFaGcKTLCdaxbe6tkIhrXqQ1TiUJG0kGKhEsqfh7t-zJ7x https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR4zZ-vZbqg8WY3FOUYbm0LexU2FMyekrwjYqfIljegrEdX10L7 https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTge6woiEToiStvqlyMeaXUILtAoTCQNXzyc-cb0uhCr3xbueB2 https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRdDjTxxo2PwL33syPaSFmvDLRrG87Np9VhFhKLH1X6LKcTzvZ9cg Fig. 4 Mixing ideas Benetton 1992 and so These advertising offended Nearly every advertisement today is in some way promoting a certain lifestyle, or seems to include the message that without the product in question, happiness is unattainable. By choosing the skinniest and prettiest models to wear the clothes that they produce, many companies lead the viewer to believe that, by wearing those clothes, they can look just like the models. But when this doesnt happen, especially the young women are affected by depress because, despite the effort and money that they pay to buy the clothes advertised, the look will never be the same. So, by switching the focus of the viewer to relevant issues of the time which they believe need attention, Benetton support a cause. Their posters and all advertising ads show aspects of life, unadulterated and uncensored. That shouldnt impact people negatively unless those people want to close themselves off from the world. Benettons policy of social responsibility 5. CONCLUSIONS By submitting your paper, you agree and accept the commitment that at least one of the co-authors will present the paper in person at the 2012 International Scientific Conference of the Romanian-German University of Sibiu conference. Accepted and presented papers will be published in the CD Conference Proceedings with ISBN, as well as in written format edited in partnership with Lambert Academic Publishing from Germany.